Life Of The King Zoser

Netjerikhet, Tosorthros, Sesorthos
Life Of tThe King Zoser
Limestone statue of Djoser from his serdab
Pharaoh of Egypt
Reign:
19 or 28 years ca. 2670 BC, 3rd Dynasty
Predecessor:
Khasekhemwy (most likely) or Nebka
Successor:
Sekhemkhet (most likely) or Sanakhte
Royal titulary[show]
Prenomen: Nisut-Bity-Nebty-Netjerikhetnebu
nsw.t-bty-nb.ty-irj
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, he of the two ladies, with a divine body, the golden one


Nomen: Nub-Hor
Nbw-Ḥr
Golden Horus



Horus name: Hor-Netjerikhet
Hr-ntr.ẖt
Horus, divine of body



Nebty name: Netjerikhet
Nb.tj Nṯrj-ẖt
The two Ladies, divine of body


Golden Horus: Nub-Ra
Nbw-Rˁ
Golden one of Ra


Abydos King List
....djeser-sa
...-ḏsr-s3
...sublime protector

Saqqara Tablet
Djoser
ḏsr
The sublime


Turin King List
Djoserit
Ḏsr-jt


Consort(s):
Hetephernebti
Children:
Inetkawes, maybe Sekhemkhet ?
Father:
Khasekhemwy
Mother:
Nimaethap
Burial:
Step pyramid at Saqqara
Monuments:
Step pyramid

Djoser (also read as Djeser and Zoser) was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of the 3rd dynasty during the Old Kingdom and the founder of this epoque. He is well known under his Hellenized names Tosorthros (by Manetho) and Sesorthos (by Eusebius). He was the son of king Khasekhemwy and queen Nimaethap, but if he also was the direct throne successor is still unclear. Most Ramesside Kinglists name a king Nebka before him, but since there are still difficulties in connecting that name with contemporary horus names, some Egyptologists question the handed down throne sequence.

Identity:

Cartouche name ...djeser-sah in the king list of Abydos. Note the upper part of the cartouche, which shows signs of erased hieroglyphs.


The painted limestone statue of Djoser, now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, is the oldest known life-sized Egyptian statue. Today at the site in Saqqara where it was found, a plaster copy of the statue stands in place of the original. The statue was found during the Antiquities Service Excavations of 1924–1925.


In contemporary inscriptions, he is called Netjerikhet, meaning "body of the gods." Later sources, which include a New Kingdom reference to his construction, help confirm that Netjerikhet and Djoser are the same person.


While Manetho names Necherophes and the Turin King List names Nebka as the first ruler of the Third dynasty, many Egyptologists now believe Djoser was first king of this dynasty, pointing out that the order in which some predecessors of Khufu are mentioned in the Papyrus Westcar suggests Nebka should be placed between Djoser and Huni, not before Djoser. More significantly, the English Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson has demonstrated that burial seals found at the entrance to Khasekhemwy's tomb in Abydos name only Djoser, rather than Nebka. This supports the view that it was Djoser who buried and, hence, directly succeeded Khasekhemwy, rather than Nebka.


Family:



Because Queen Nimaethap, the wife of Khasekhemwy, the last king of the Second dynasty of Egypt, is mentioned on a jar sealing of Khasekhemwy with the title "Mother of the King's children", some writers argue she was Djoser's mother and Khasekhemwy was his father. This is also suggested by another jar sealing, dating to Djoser's reign, calling her "Mother of the King of the Two Lands". Her cult seems to have still been active in the later reign of Sneferu.


Hetephernebti is identified as one of Djoser's queens "on a series of boundary stela from the Step Pyramid enclosure (now in various museums) and a fragment of relief from a building at Hermopolis" currently in the Egyptian museum of Turin.

Inetkawes was their only daughter known by name. There was also a third royal female attested during Djoser's reign, but her name is destroyed. The relationship between Djoser and his successor, Sekhemkhet, is not known, and the date of his death is uncertain.    

Length of reign:

 

Manetho states Djoser ruled Egypt for twenty-nine years, while the Turin King List states it was only nineteen years. Because of his many substantial building projects, particularly at Saqqara, some scholars argue Djoser must have enjoyed a reign of nearly three decades. Manetho's figure appears to be more accurate, according to Wilkinson's analysis and reconstruction of the Royal Annals. Wilkinson reconstructs the Annals as giving Djoser "28 complete or partial years", noting that the cattle counts recorded on Palermo Stone register V, and Cairo Fragment 1 register V, for the beginning and ending of Djoser's reign, would most likely indicate his regnal Years 1–5 and 19–28.


Political activities:


The Famine Stele,mentioning Djoser.

 

 Djoser dispatched several military expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula, during which the local inhabitants were subdued. He also sent expeditions there to mine for valuable minerals such as turquoise and copper. This is known from inscriptions found in the desert there, sometimes displaying the banner of Seth alongside the symbols of Horus, as had been more common under Khasekhemwy. The Sinai was also strategically important as a buffer between the Nile valley and Asia.

His most famous monument was his step pyramid, which entailed the construction of several mastaba tombs one over another. These forms would eventually lead to the standard pyramid tomb in the later Old Kingdom. Manetho, many centuries later, alludes to architectural advances of this reign, mentioning that "Tosorthros" discovered how to build with hewn stone, in addition to being remembered as the physician Aesculapius, and for introducing some reforms in the writing system. Modern scholars think that Manetho originally ascribed (or meant to ascribe) these feats to Imuthes, who was later deified as Aesculapius by the Greeks and Romans, and who corresponds to Imhotep, the famous minister of Djoser who engineered the Step Pyramid's construction.

Some fragmentary reliefs found at Heliopolis and Gebelein mention Djoser's name and suggest he commissioned construction projects in those cities. Also, he may have fixed the southern boundary of his kingdom at the First Cataract. An inscription known as the Famine Stela and claiming to date to the reign of Djoser, but probably created during the Ptolemaic Dynasty, relates how Djoser rebuilt the temple of Khnum on the island of Elephantine at the First Cataract, thus ending a seven-year famine in Egypt. Some consider this ancient inscription as a legend at the time it was inscribed. Nonetheless, it does show that more than two millennia after his reign, Egyptians still remembered Djoser.

Although he seems to have started an unfinished tomb at Abydos (Upper Egypt), Djoser was eventually buried in his famous pyramid at Saqqara in Lower Egypt. Since Khasekhemwy, a pharaoh from the 2nd dynasty, was the last pharaoh to be buried at Abydos, some Egyptologists infer that the shift to a more northerly capital was completed during Djoser's time

 
Djoser and Imhotep:
One of the most famous contemporaries of king Djoser was his vizir, "head of the royal shipyard" and "overseer of all stone works", Imhotep. Imhotep oversaw stone building projects such as the tombs of King Djoser and King Sekhemkhet. It is possible, that Imhotep was mentioned in the also famous Papyrus Westcar, in a story called "Khufu and the magicians". But because the papyrus is badly damaged at the beginning, Imhotep's name is lost today. A papyrus from the ancient Egyptian temple of Tebtunis, dating to the 2nd century AD, preserves a long story in the demotic script about Djoser and Imhotep. At Djoser's time Imhotep was of such importance and fame that he was honoured by being mentioned on statues of king Djoser in his necropolis at Saqqara
Tomb:
Pyramid of Djoser:



Step pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, Egypt
King Djoser running for the Hebsed celebration (relief from the underground galleries)
Djoser was buried in his famous step pyramid at Saqqara. This pyramid was originally built as a nearly quadratic mastaba, but then five further mastabas were literally piled upon the first, each new mastaba smaller than the predecessing ones, until the monument became Egypt´s first step pyramid. Supervisor of the building constructions was the high lector priest Imhotep
.

The pyramid

The step pyramid is made of lime stone. It is massive and contains only one tight corridor leading to the close midst of the monument, ending in a rough chamber where the entrance to the tomb shaft was hidden. This inner construction was later filled with rubble, for it was of no use anymore. The pyramid was once 62 metres high and had a base measurement of ca. 121 X 109 metres. It was tightly covered in finely polished, white limestone.

Subterranean structure

Beneath the step pyramid, a large maze of corridors and chambers were dug. The burial chamber lies in the midst of the subterranean complex, a 28 metres deep shaft leads directly from the surface down to the burial. The shaft entrance was sealed by a plug stone with a weight of 3.5 tons. The subterranean burial maze contains four magazine galleries, each pointing straight to one cardinal direction. The eastern gallery contained three limestone reliefs depicting king Djoser during the celebration of the Hebsed (rejuvenation feast). The walls around and between these reliefs were decorated with blueish fayence tiles. They were thought to imitate reed mats, as an allusion to the mythological underworld waters. The other galleries remained unfinished.
At the eastern site of the pyramid, very close to the blue chambers, eleven tomb shafts lead straight down for 30 – 32 metres deep and then deviate in an right angle in western direction. Shaft I – V were used for the burials of royal family members, shaft VI – XI were used as symbolic tombs for the grave goods of royal ancestors from dynasty I – II. More than 40,000 vessels, bowls and vases made of all kind of semiprecious stone were found in these galleries. Royal names such as of king Den, Semerkhet, Nynetjer and Sekhemib were incised on the pots. It is now thought that Djoser once restored the original tombs of the ancestors and then sealed the grave goods in the galleries in attempt to save them.

Necropolis complex

Djoser's step pyramid was surrounded by a 10.5 metres high niched enclosure wall, building an inner courtyard of 37.06 acres. This courtyard contains several cultic buildings, such as the Southern Tomb, the Southern Courtyard, the Southern Pavillon, the Northern Pavillon, the Entrance Colonnade and the Serdab with the famous seating statue of Djoser
    
            الملك زوسر.. مؤسس الأسرة الثالثة

هو الملك نترى خنت المعروف باسم (زوسر Djoser), ويعد زوسر هو مؤسس الأسرة الثالثة, والذى دام حكمه نحو 29 سنة, حيث حكم مصر من 2630ق.م. – 2611ق.م, وهناك أقوال عن أنه كان الملك الذى عاصره سيدنا يوسف الصديق عليه السلام وفسر له رؤياه, (ولهذا بحث آخر سيتم إعداده بإذن الله عن عصر يوسف الصديق).

ويعد "زوسر" أول ملك بنى لنفسه مقبرتين:
المقبرة الأولى: بصفته ملكاً للوجه القبلى وكانت على شكل مصطبة ضخمة من اللبن مجهزة بمنحدر عميق وتتبعها عدة حجرات تحت الأرض وهى واقعة فى شمال العرابة المدفونة فى بيت خلاف, وفى هذه المقبرة تم بناء حجرة من الحجر الجيرى, غير أنه على ما يظهر لم يرض بأن تكون مقره الأخير فقام ببناء المقبرة الثانية (هرم زوسر المدرج).




هرم زوسر المدرج:


أما المقبرة الثانية: وهى (هرم زوسر المدرج) فقد قام المهندس المعمارى والوزير العظيم "إمحوتب" ببنائها له عام 2800ق.م بإعتباره ملكاً للوجه البحرى, وقد قام "إمحوتب" ببنائها على الهضبة التى فيها جبانة "منف" وهى المعروفة الآن "بسقارة" التى كانت تعتبر من هذا العصر مهبط العبادة والمقر الأخير لبعض الملوك كما أثبتت ذلك الكشوف الحديثة, وقد تم بنائها على شكل مصاطب مربعة ومتدرجة, وهذه المقبرة تعد أقدم هرم عرف إلى الآن فى التاريخ ويقول بعض علماء الآثار إن هذا البناء هو الحلقة المتوسطة بين المصطبة والهرم الحقيقى, هذا إلى أنها كانت على مقربة من محاجر طرة حيث كان من السهل قطع الأحجار الجميلة لبناء القبور والمعابد, وكذلك كانت قريبة من مقر حكمه.

ويتكون هرم "زوسر" من ست مصاطب وطوله 200 قدم (حوالى 60 متراً) وكل مصطبه أصغر حجماً من التى تحتها لذلك يسمى بـ (هرم زوسر المدرج), وتدل الظواهر على أنه أقام لنفسه مصطبة من الحجر الجيرى المحلى المهذب, ثم بنى فوقها ثانبة أصغر مساحة, ثم ثالثة أقل مساحة من الثانية وهكذا, حتى بلغ عدد المصاطب
سبعاً بعضها فوق بعض, غير أن تغالب الدهور قد أغار على السابقة منها فمحاها من الوجود, ولم يبق منها إلا ما يدل على أثرها. وقد أطلق على هذا المبنى خطأ إسم (الهرم المدرج) إذ أن شكله لا ينطبق تماماً على مدلول الهرم الحقيقى. ولا غرابة فى أن "زوسر" رفع بنيان قبره إلى هذا الحد, لأن فى ذلك معنى عميقاً, إذ كان يريد علواً فى الممات كما كان فى الحياة. فكان غرضه أن يشرف قبره على قبور رجال بلاطه, وعظماء دولته, التى كانت حول قبره, ويكون أول بناء ترسل الشمس أشعتها عليه من كل جوانبه عندما تشرق فى الصباح, وبخاصة إذا علمنا أن الإله الأعظم لهذه المنطقة فى هذا العصر هو الإله "آتوم" الذى أصبح فيما بعد إله الشمس بكب معانيها.

وقد أسفرت البحوث الأثرية التى قام بها علماء الآثار فى الجزء الأسفل تحت الهرم المدرج, وما حوله عن معلومات وثروة أثرية لا تقدر بقيمة. فقد عثر فى جوف الصخر الذى تحت مسطح الهرم, على حجرة الدفن العظيمة المكسوة بالجرانيت, وعلى حجرتين مرصعتين بألواح صغيرة من القاشانى الأزرق, وقد كانتا معروفتين منذ زمن بعيد. وتعد الطريقة الفنية الحاذقة التى نسقت بها هذه الألواح فى الملاط بالغة حد الإعجاب والدهشة ودالة على ما وصل إليه القوم من المهارة الفنية فى هذا العصر, وهذه الألواح كان سطحها الخارجى مقوساً بعض الشئ, وكان فى ظهر كل منها ثقبان صغيران, يوضع فيهما خيط من القنب يلصق بالملاط. وقد أمكن بالألقاب الرسمية التى وجدت منقوشة على إطارى باب الحجرتين, أن نحدد بالضبط تاريخهما, ولكن أحد ولكن أحد علماء الآثار قد شك فى لون القاشانى الأزرق, والمهارة العظيمة التى رصعت بها هذه الألواح, وكذلك إسم الملك "زوسر الحورى"

نبت معات" يرجع تاريخها إلى عصر هذا الملك. وفى إعتقاده أن هذه ترميمات, وإصلاحات عملت فى عهد الأسرة السادسة والعشرين, أى فى عهد النهضة المصرية الأخيرة. غير أن هذا الرأى قد دحض نهائياً بالكشوف الحديثة, ولم يأخذ به أحد من العلماء. وذلك لأنه فى عام 1927 عثر فى الجهة الجنوبية من الهرم فى جوف الأرض, على مقبرة أخرى تحتوى على حجرة دفن من الجرانيت, وعلى عدد عظيم من الممرات والحجر المستطيلة الشكل معظمها مزين بألواح من القاشانى مشابهة لما وجد فى المقبرة الأولى, ووجد منقوشاً على إطارات الأبواب "نترخت", وهو لقب الملك "زوسر", ووجد فى إحدى الحجر ثلاث لوحات كل منها على شكل الباب الوهمى, وعلى كل مثل الملك "زوسر". ولا نزاع إذن أن هذا القبر هو لمؤسس الأسرة الثالثة.

وقد قام بتقليد هذا البناء ابنة زوسر الثانى وآخرون وربما كان الملك حونى آخر ملوك الأسرة الثالثة هو من حاول ان يشيد بناء شبيها فكان هرم ميدوم ثم جاء سنفرو أول ملوك الأسرة الرابعة فبنى مهندسوه هرمى دهشور وكانت عملية بناء الهرمين هى المدرسة العملية التى أهلت مهندسى ابنه خوفو لبناء هرم الجيزة الأكبر وتجنبوا هذه المرة اخطاء سابقيه ثم توالى بناء الأهرامات‏.‏

وبناء هرم زوسر يعتبر رمزاً.. فقد جاء مئات العمال من كل أنحاء مصر لبنائه تأكيداً على وحدة مصر



زوسر وأول تعديلات دستورية:

كان "زوسر" أول حاكم يصدر ما يسمى "بتعديلات دستورية" أو "حِب ست" وهى مجموعة من التعديلات شملت 13 مادة جاءت فى المقام الأول لتحدد صلاحيات الحاكم والتنازل عن بعض هذه الصلاحيات لرئيس البلاط الملكى "رئيس ديوان رئاسة الجمهورية حالياً" وللكاهن الأعظم "رئيس الوزراء الحالى" بالإضافة إلى وضع حد أقصى لفترة الحكم والتى كانت بلا سقف إذ تنتهى بموت الحاكم، وكان هذا السقف ثلاثين عاما ويتم الاحتفال بالملك عند إتمامه هذه المدة



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